The Vampire by Philip Burne-Jones
There has been some discussion about the
Twilight series on Nic's
blog and on Jake's
blog. I thought I would chime in on my own blog. yay!
First, I would like to address the claim that the vampires in
Twilight are not real vampires because Meyer changed their characteristics so drastically. Brian Frost, a literary historian, said, "belief in vampires and bloodsucking demons is as old as man himself" and may go back to "prehistoric times." Not only that, but they appear in so many different cultures all over the world that their exact origin is muddied. Wikipedia defines vampires as "mythological or folkloric beings who subsist by feeding on the life essence (generally in the form of blood) of living creatures, regardless of whether they are undead or a living person." By this general definition, Meyer's vampires qualify. But, did Meyer actually change them so much to begin with? Did she come up with original ideas for her vampires?
If someone were to ask you what a vampire is, I think we would all come up with the same answers. Immortal, drinks the blood of humans, weaknesses include sunlight, wooden stakes, crosses, and holy water. Meyer created vampires who are immortal but choose not to drink human blood and are not killed by any of the above weaknesses. They have to be torn apart and burned. Also, she made her vampires extra "super" with special abilities like mind-reading, clairvoyant abilities, and the ability to affect peoples moods. She also made her vampires with an alluring nature; the ability to draw humans to them. She turned it into a love story between a vampire and a human girl. Unfortunately, NONE of this is new to the world of vampires.
In John Polidori's
The Vampyre, written in 1819, his main character is Lord Ruthven. He was the first vampire to be alluring, sexual, elegant, and suave. He is also the first vampire to marry a human girl.
From 1845-47, James Malcolm Rymer wrote a 868-page story about a vampire named Varney. He had fangs, hypnotic powers, and superhuman strength. Like the vampires of
Twilight, Varney could eat and drink regular food in the human fashion, but it didn't agree with him. He could go out in daylight and had no fear or loathing of crosses or garlic. In fact, F.W. Murnau's film "Nosferatu," in 1922, was the FIRST vampire to be killed or harmed by sunlight.
In 1897, Bram Stoker wrote maybe the most famous vampire story:
Dracula. In this story, Dracula lived with 3 female vampires known as the "Brides of Dracula" as a coven or family. He had sharp teeth and his eyes flamed red when he was angry (not entirely unlike the Cullens' eyes when they are hungry). He had no reflection and had the physical strength of 20 men. Dracula also had special "powers." He had powers of hypnosis, mind control, command of nocturnal animals and the weather. He could also shapeshift into a bat, a rat, a wolf, vapor, and fog. These powers are not unlike the Cullens' special "abilities."
Most importantly, the Cullens were not the first to give up human blood. Varney the Vampire, in 1845, was the first "sympathetic vampire" meaning "a vampire who loathes his condition but is nonetheless a slave to it." There are characters like this in almost every Anne Rice novel as well, most famously Lestat in
Interview With the Vampire in 1976. We also see this in
Buffy the Vampire Slayer in the character Spike. He chooses to live a life free of human blood.
In Anne Rice's novels we also see that the vampires have to be burned down to ash to be completely destroyed (although there is still a question of whether they completely cease to exist even then).
Not even the animalistic nature of Meyers' vampires is original. In the comic book mini-series
30 Days of Night by Steve Niles (written in 2002), and the film adaptation, the vampires aren't magical. They are animals hunting prey. As you know,
Twilight was published in 2005.
Stephanie Meyers did NOTHING completely original with her vampires except for making their skin sparkle in the sun, which is not a significant contribution to vampire lore at all. In fact, it is one of the most criticized decisions she made in her novels.
It is obvious that vampires themselves haven't really evolved much. There have been many different combinations of characteristics attributed to vampires in literature and film for the past 200 years, but nothing really new. But, it is also not necessary to come up with something new. Vampires are beloved and feared, and vampire lore is not tired. People will always be fascinated by stories involving vampires, IF the stories are well-written and compelling.
Sources!
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Sacred Emily by Gertrude Stein
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_days_of_night
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nosferatu
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varney_the_Vampyre
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vampyre
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Dracula
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tables_of_vampire_traits
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burne_Jones_le_vampire.jpg
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Ruthven_(vampire)